Reciprocal IPV


 * http://www.domesticviolenceresearch.org/domestic-violence-facts-and-statistics-at-a-glance/

This is PASK, one of the best sources we have, of course. I always describe it as the largest meta-analysis of DV/IPV research ever undertaken. It is not focussed on gender but rather analyses many variables. When it looks at gender it finds near gender parity in IPV and also finds a hight rate of reciprocal IPV, which is refers to as bi-directional.

Look under "Bi-directional vs. Uni-directional"

The high rates of reciprocal IPV show that the Duluth model is wrong. IPV is not men trying to control women.


 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1854883/

This study analysed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. 'Longitudinal studies' are generally more compelling than the more common 'cross-sectional studies'.

The study examines differences in injury rates between reciprocal and non-reciprocal IPV. It finds that about half of all IPV is reciprocal. Note the similarity of rate to PASK. Interestingly women were more likely to admit to being perpetrators than their male partners were to nominate the women as perpetrators.

Injury rates are higher in reciprocal IPV than non-reciprocal IPV. This means that both men and women involved in reciprocal IPV are more likely to be injured. Organisations like White Ribbon Australia and Our Watch completely ignore reciprocal IPV as they push a gendered narrative. Government in Australia is influenced by the Duluth model which asserts that IPV occurs as a result of men attempting to control women through the use of violence. By ignoring the prevalence of reciprocal IPV the government, White Ribbon Australia and Our Watch are preventing effective interventions as their approach discounts the need to intervene with violent women. This will contribute to the continuation of reciprocal IPV and actually make it more likely that the women involved will be injured. By ignoring reciprocal IPV the government, White Ribbon Australia and Our Watch are contributing to violence against women.


 * http://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176%2Fpn.42.15.0031a
 * http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/35/1/33.1

These pages summarise the previous link. The 2nd one also talks about a separate study of university students.


 * http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39011224


 * http://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=8145801d-8fc5-4d3e-931d-f0ffcf3bffbc&subId=298676


 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384540/


 * https://www.hindawi.com/archive/2015/502703/


 * https://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ID41E2.pdf


 * http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2005.079020


 * https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062874


 * http://sti.bmj.com/content/early/2017/01/04/sextrans-2016-052873


 * journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1477370812453403


 * www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/170018.pdf